Cleanthes: Resilience, Dedication, & Reason
"As a horse when he is harnessed thinks it strange at first and struggles against it, but later, taught by experience, learns to submit to it and carry it; so do men with what befalls them."
—Cleanthes
Cleanthes of Assos (c. 330 – c. 230 BCE) was a prominent Stoic philosopher and the successor to Zeno of Citium, the founder of Stoicism. Cleanthes is best known for his role in shaping and solidifying Stoic philosophy during its formative years. Before his philosophical career, he worked as a water-carrier to support himself while studying under Zeno. Despite his humble beginnings, Cleanthes rose to become one of the leading figures of the Stoic school in Athens.
Why He's Interesting
Cleanthes is intriguing for several reasons. First, his life exemplifies the Stoic virtue of resilience and dedication. His transition from a laborer to a leading philosopher highlights the Stoic belief that wisdom and virtue are not determined by one's social status but by one's character and efforts. Second, Cleanthes’ writings and teachings contributed significantly to the development of Stoic doctrine. His work provided a bridge between Zeno’s original teachings and the later expansions by philosophers like Chrysippus. His emphasis on living in accordance with nature and his ideas on divine reason (Logos) had a lasting impact on Stoic thought.
An Interesting Story About Him
According to historical accounts, Cleanthes was so determined to learn from Zeno that he worked as a water-carrier during the day to afford his studies. His diligence and commitment were so remarkable that he reportedly carried water from dawn to dusk, all while immersing himself in philosophical discussions. His dedication paid off when Zeno’s followers, impressed by his dedication and understanding, chose him as Zeno’s successor. Cleanthes’ most famous written work, Hymn to Zeus, exemplifies his philosophical beliefs and reflects his deep reverence for the Stoic concept of divine rationality governing the universe. This hymn is still studied today for its eloquent expression of Stoic theology and ethics.
Practical Philosophies to Implement
Embrace Resilience: Adopt a mindset of resilience by accepting challenges and adversities as opportunities for growth. Embrace the Stoic belief that difficulties can strengthen character and lead to greater wisdom.
Align with Nature: Strive to live in harmony with nature by understanding and accepting the natural order of the world. Make decisions that reflect rationality, virtue, and a respect for the broader context of life.
Practice Self-Discipline: Cultivate self-discipline by moderating your desires and controlling impulses. Develop habits that promote balance and avoid excess in all areas of life.
Honor the Divine Order: Recognize and appreciate the rational order of the universe. Incorporate practices that reinforce your connection to a higher rationality, such as meditation or reflection on Stoic principles.
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