Epictetus: Acceptance, Inner Freedom, & Letting Go
"If you want to improve, be content to be thought foolish and stupid."
—Epictetus
Epictetus, a prominent figure in Stoic philosophy, was born around 50 AD in Hierapolis, Phrygia, a region that is part of modern-day Turkey. Despite being born into slavery, he rose to prominence as one of the most influential Stoic philosophers of his time. Epictetus was eventually freed from slavery and went on to teach philosophy in Rome before establishing his own school in Nicopolis, Greece. His teachings were not written by him directly but were recorded by his student, Arrian, in the form of the "Discourses" and the more concise "Enchiridion," or "Handbook."
Why He's Interesting
Epictetus's life story is compelling not just because of his rise from slavery to become a respected philosopher, but also because of the practical nature of his teachings. He emphasized that philosophy is not just a theoretical exercise but a way of life. His focus was on personal agency and resilience, teaching that while we cannot control external events, we can control our reactions to them. This idea has resonated through the centuries, influencing modern psychology, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). His straightforward and accessible style of teaching has made his work enduringly popular among those seeking practical guidance on how to live well.
A Memorable Story
As the story goes, when Epictetus was still a slave, his master, who was known for his cruelty, once twisted Epictetus's leg as a form of punishment. Instead of reacting with anger or fear, Epictetus calmly warned his master, saying, "If you keep twisting it, you will break it." His master, disregarding the warning, continued to twist, and eventually, Epictetus's leg broke. Rather than crying out in pain or seeking revenge, Epictetus simply said, "Did I not tell you that you would break it?"
Stoic Practices and Rituals
Epictetus advocated for daily practices that align with Stoic principles. Central to his teachings is the practice of dichotomy of control, where one distinguishes between what is within our control and what is not. By focusing only on what we can influence—our thoughts, actions, and responses—we can maintain inner peace regardless of external circumstances.
He also encouraged regular self-reflection, advising that individuals take time each day to examine their actions, thoughts, and emotions. This ritual of reflection helps to cultivate virtue and align one’s life with Stoic values.
Additionally, Epictetus believed in preparing for adversity by mentally rehearsing potential challenges. This practice, known as premeditatio malorum, involves imagining worst-case scenarios not to dwell on them but to reduce fear and anxiety, reinforcing resilience and acceptance.
Practical Philosophies to Implement
Focus on What You Can Control: Recognize the difference between what is within your power (your thoughts, actions, and reactions) and what is not (external events, other people's opinions). Direct your energy toward the former.
Practice Acceptance: Embrace the idea that some things are beyond your control and learn to accept them without resistance.
Cultivate Inner Freedom: True freedom comes from within. Develop a mindset where your happiness and contentment are not dependent on external circumstances.
Prepare for Adversity: Anticipate challenges and mentally prepare for them to be better equipped to handle them calmly and effectively.
Live According to Nature: Align your actions with reason and virtue, living in harmony with the natural order of the world. This means acting with integrity and fulfilling your responsibilities to yourself and others.
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